Quantum Physics

When certain materials are cooled below a critical temperature, they become superconductors, meaning they conduct electricity with zero resistance. A remarkable effect of this is the Meissner effect, where they expel magnetic fields, causing magnets to levitate stably above them without physical contact.

While space itself is extremely cold, scientists have achieved temperatures even lower than the cosmic background radiation in labs. Researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder cooled rubidium atoms to just 38 billionths of a degree above absolute zero, creating a Bose-Einstein condensate to study quantum phenomena.

Two entangled particles, even when separated by vast distances, remain connected such that measuring the property of one instantaneously influences the other. Einstein called this "spooky action at a distance."